Short Essay Guidelines

Short Essay Guidelines There is no method of writing a substantial thesis without doing an intensive analysis. If you aren't positive the way to survive through all the chapters, discover your support here. We work on even essentially the most complicated matters and aren't afraid of challenges. I got admitted within the Univ I needed to get without an excessive amount of troubles of worrying. See our vary of on-line assets to seek out out extra about learning with Lecture Capture and making ready for forthcoming exams and assessments. The middle a part of the essay must fulfil the guarantees made in your introduction, and must support your final conclusions. Failure to fulfill either or each of those necessities will irritate your reader, and will show an absence of self-critique and of modifying. Later composers moved away from strict symphonic kind. Some retained a free link to it whereas others deserted it fully, in favour of more fluid patterns. It can be rare, nonetheless, to discover a symphony that was with out construction or sample of any type; it will in all probability not be passable both to play or to listen to. Similarly, a structure of some kind might be important for every essay, nevertheless revolutionary. It is the argument, and how you decide to present and back up your argument, that may affect your decision on how to structure your essay. As with instructing, it is often not until you attempt to communicate an argument and its proof that you discover where the gaps are in your knowledge or argument. So don’t be afraid of writing down your ideas earlier than they're absolutely formed, or within the ‘proper’ order. Once the order is complete, you'll receive a machine-generated notification in your registered e-mail tackle. It will include the hyperlink to your login web page from the place you may get contained in the PenMyPaper order panel using your credentials. Click on your order id and download the final file from the labeled section. We write and ship the file as per your required format i.e. if you ask for PDF, Word-doc, or Excel-sheet, the final custom copies are introduced in the similar layout. Even if you need your paper in three hours, be happy to contact us. Our team is at all times there to unravel any drawback you have. Sources.If there are any specific sources you want us to make use of as a foundation for the essay, add them right here, on this part. The example beneath relates to the essay title used on the previous web page. Questions to ask of your essay content may be useful. We use numerous instruments to check every paper for grammatical correctness and plagiarism. We relentlessly proofread every bit and make sure no errors slip into your piece. The central a part of your essay is the place the structure must do its work, nevertheless specific or implicit your chosen construction may be. The structure you select must be one which might be most useful to you in addressing the essay title. We have been rising since 2004, have a worldwide staff of professionals, 24/7 assist staff, and provide probably the most affordable rates within the business. We use LinkedIn to ensure that our users are actual professionals who contribute and share reliable content material. We ask you for some private information but we use it for cost solely. No one will know you’ve ordered a paper from us except you resolve to inform somebody. I like it because the costs are okay and the quality is greater than I can ask for paying this worth. I just can't make myself understand and bear in mind all the historic occasions that took part a very very long time again. You get an unique content material created with your whole directions in thoughts. Our experts do not copy content from other sources; they rely on their very own experience and data to convey you fresh concepts. You can use any plagiarism checker to check your paper.

Short Essay Guidelines

Short Essay Guidelines There is no method of writing a substantial thesis without doing an intensive analysis. If you aren't positive the way to survive through all the chapters, discover your support here. We work on even essentially the most complicated matters and aren't afraid of challenges. I got admitted within the Univ I needed to get without an excessive amount of troubles of worrying. See our vary of on-line assets to seek out out extra about learning with Lecture Capture and making ready for forthcoming exams and assessments. The middle a part of the essay must fulfil the guarantees made in your introduction, and must support your final conclusions. Failure to fulfill either or each of those necessities will irritate your reader, and will show an absence of self-critique and of modifying. Later composers moved away from strict symphonic kind. Some retained a free link to it whereas others deserted it fully, in favour of more fluid patterns. It can be rare, nonetheless, to discover a symphony that was with out construction or sample of any type; it will in all probability not be passable both to play or to listen to. Similarly, a structure of some kind might be important for every essay, nevertheless revolutionary. It is the argument, and how you decide to present and back up your argument, that may affect your decision on how to structure your essay. As with instructing, it is often not until you attempt to communicate an argument and its proof that you discover where the gaps are in your knowledge or argument. So don’t be afraid of writing down your ideas earlier than they're absolutely formed, or within the ‘proper’ order. Once the order is complete, you'll receive a machine-generated notification in your registered e-mail tackle. It will include the hyperlink to your login web page from the place you may get contained in the PenMyPaper order panel using your credentials. Click on your order id and download the final file from the labeled section. We write and ship the file as per your required format i.e. if you ask for PDF, Word-doc, or Excel-sheet, the final custom copies are introduced in the similar layout. Even if you need your paper in three hours, be happy to contact us. Our team is at all times there to unravel any drawback you have. Sources.If there are any specific sources you want us to make use of as a foundation for the essay, add them right here, on this part. The example beneath relates to the essay title used on the previous web page. Questions to ask of your essay content may be useful. We use numerous instruments to check every paper for grammatical correctness and plagiarism. We relentlessly proofread every bit and make sure no errors slip into your piece. The central a part of your essay is the place the structure must do its work, nevertheless specific or implicit your chosen construction may be. The structure you select must be one which might be most useful to you in addressing the essay title. We have been rising since 2004, have a worldwide staff of professionals, 24/7 assist staff, and provide probably the most affordable rates within the business. We use LinkedIn to ensure that our users are actual professionals who contribute and share reliable content material. We ask you for some private information but we use it for cost solely. No one will know you’ve ordered a paper from us except you resolve to inform somebody. I like it because the costs are okay and the quality is greater than I can ask for paying this worth. I just can't make myself understand and bear in mind all the historic occasions that took part a very very long time again. You get an unique content material created with your whole directions in thoughts. Our experts do not copy content from other sources; they rely on their very own experience and data to convey you fresh concepts. You can use any plagiarism checker to check your paper.

No 1 Essay Writing Service

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Essay Writers Online

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Essay Writing Service

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Why Students Use Essay Writing Services And What To Do About It

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Essay Writing Technique

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Essaymama

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Professional Essay Writing Services For Students

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Funding your education at SIPA part 3 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Funding your education at SIPA part 3 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Applying for Financial Aid â€" Spring 2013 Applicants Applying for financial aid doesn’t involve too many steps.   If you are applying for Spring 2013 admission, you will need to complete the 2012/13 Free Application for Federal Student Aid, commonly known as the FAFSA.   To do so, go to www.fafsa.gov.   This universal aid application is used at just about every college in the United States and even some in other countries where American students can receive aid.   The information collected on the FAFSA will be used by the SIPA Financial Aid Office to determine your eligibility for student loans available from the federal government and possible work study jobs. When you complete the FAFSA, you designate the recipient school by using a 6-digit code number specific to the school.   Columbia’s school code is 002707. If you completed the FAFSA as an undergraduate, you’ll be familiar with the process, although as a graduate student, no parental information is necessary.   All graduate students are automatically considered to be financially independent.   If you have a PIN number that you used as an undergraduate, use the same one.   If have never completed a FAFSA before, you will need a PIN in order to complete the FAFSA; you must go to www.pin.ed.gov, which is linked from www.fafsa.gov. Do not wait until you have received an admission decision to complete your FAFSA.   While there is no absolute deadline approaching, you should complete the FAFSA as soon as possible; we recommend that you do so by November 1 for a timely review.   Also be aware that this is an annual form, and you will need to complete the 2013/14 FAFSA for the following fall and spring semesters; you should do that after completing your 2012 federal income tax return next April. And please…especially if you are completing the FAFSA for the first time, it can be confusing.   If you have any questions or need any assistance, contact us at 212-854-6216 or email us at sipa_finaid@columbia.edu. Note: Don’t complete a FAFSA if you are an international student; it is only used to determine eligibility for student loans and Work Study available to US citizens, permanent residents and political refugees. If you are applying for Fall 2013 admission, complete the FAFSA for the 2013/14 academic year after January 1; we recommend that you do so by March 1.   We will post a reminder for Fall 2013 applicants as the time to complete your FAFSA approaches.

Halloween Word List for Classroom Fun

Economic Inequality And Political Inequality - 1647 Words

Economic inequality, also known as income inequality, is the interval between the rich and the poor. Economic inequality refers to how the total wealth in the United States is distributed among people in a social class. It is needed and it is important but due to the major gap difference, it affects the Democratic Party and in addition, it also affects Americans because they do not understand the actual wealth distribution. It is a major issue in the United States because it affects other economic classes besides the 1 percent by limiting the opportunities for social mobility and it hinders overall growth, such as the 15 percent (46.2 million) of Americans that live below the federal poverty line, which is concentrated in minority people and single female-headed household. A question that many ask is if there is a connection between economic inequality and political inequality because lobbyist and interest groups tend to play an important role due to their higher income and wealth. H aving high income and wealth gives them the power to have a stronger voice in politics, which grants access to political decision-making, something people with low income do not have. Finally, social movements have played in the past in trying to improve the plight of the poor and unprivileged in the United States but after all the poor are getting poorer, regardless of the help of the government and the rich are eventually getting richer because of that. The economic inequality levels in theShow MoreRelatedEconomic And Political Inequalities Of America1374 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic and Political Inequalities Public subsidies are allowing for multinational companies like Walmart and McDonald s to pay such low wages, which in turn provides social services like food stamps, Medicaid and public housing. Out of all U.S. companies Wal-mart employees are the largest recipients of public welfare, receiving about $6.2 billion a year in mostly federal subsidies. Because they are making such nominal hourly wages these services are essential for the well-being of the AmericanRead MoreA Comprehensive Assessment Of Economic Inequality And Political Power1411 Words   |  6 Pagesassessment of the economic inequality and political power in America. He explores on how the affluence of politicians influences the political setting of the country. According to the author, political equality is considered as the philosophy of democracy. Due to the inequalities that exist among the citizens regarding information, social and political affairs, it would be impractical to anticipate equal influence over poli cy making. Nature and the degree of representative inequalities depict the extentRead MoreEconomic Inequality Within The Global Economy801 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic inequality can be defined by the unequal access to economic resources, in the form of opportunities, wealth, capital, land, etc., which determine the individual’s or the group’s level of power. Generally speaking, individuals and groups with high access to resources have high levels of vertical and horizontal power, which in it turn generate more access to resources and power. The unequal access to economic resources is institutionalized within a society. Thus, economic inequality has farRead MoreEconomic Inequality, Inequality And Inequality952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe OECD, the term inequality in the opposite of equity can be defined as evenness or fairness within the social, political, and economic perspectives. Equity forms the core value of both the western democratic tradition and religions. From the concept of equality, inequality can be described as unfair or uneven treatments of the people within the society or unequal distribution of resources, income, and other factors between different sectors in the society. Inequality can be defined asRead MoreDisparity Between The Wealthy And Poor874 Words   |  4 Pagesthe rising inequality. It is no doubt that the issues which are brought by the growth inequality should be highly-regarded by the government. To be specific, there are there main challenges for the government that is produced by increasing inequality: it hinders the development of economic, it evokes political concerns, and generates the social issue. As time goes on, widening disparity between the wealthy and poor is one of the greatest challenges, and it seriously impedes economic developmentRead MoreImpact Of Wealth Inequality On The United States1220 Words   |  5 PagesImpacts of Wealth Inequality Wealth in the United States is generally thought to be spread fairly as the highest earners have a higher percentage of wealth. Although this common notion is technically correct, the wealth is not spread as fairly as people might believe. The United States uses a free market, capitalistic economy, which entails wealth inequality. However, the amount of wealth inequality depends on how the government limits the wealthy. Interestingly enough, the government does not haveRead MoreWealth Inequality Of The United States1216 Words   |  5 Pagesa higher percentage of wealth. Although this common notion is technically correct, the wealth is not spread as fairly as people might believe. The United States uses a free market, capitalistic economy, which entails wealth inequality. However, the amount of wealth inequality depends on how the government limits the wealthy. Interestingly enough, the government does not have regulations to distribute the wealth more fairly as the top 1% of earne rs in the United States own about 40% of the financialRead MorePoverty And The American Dream933 Words   |  4 Pagesway to get out. The Inequality gap in America has increased for the past few decades. Resulting from Economic Inequality in America, 400 Americans share more than 50% of America’s total wealth. These 400 Americans are the Top 1%. While the Top 1% are living luxurious lives, the Bottom 99% is struggling to make ends meet. Inequality is nothing new to the United States. In fact, it is a serious problem for America’s Economy, Democracy and the Middle Class. Economic Inequality is the thing that makesRead MoreInequality Is My Wicked Problem1211 Words   |  5 PagesInequality is my wicked problem. It affects everyone regardless of who you are or where you come from. Every person is different and different isn’t always seen as good. People will treat you differently because of your differences and this inequality is represented in so many different forms that we do not know how to stop it. I will approach this topic by viewing it through the eyes of a political scientist and an anthropologist. By tackling this problem through this filter, I can attempt to identifyRead MoreThe Widening Income Gap Of Modern America1579 Words   |  7 Pagesthe political left and right’s opinions and actions they have taken are also touched upon, since it is a hot issue in the 2016 presidential election. Included is an in depth explanation of income inequality, and how it effects the American economy and the country as a whole. The Income Gap in America Within recent years, the income gap in America has been rising and becoming a controversial issue. Reactions to income inequality have been largely split among Americans of different economic points

Human Resource Management in the Hospitality Industry Free Essays

string(50) " working in the tourism industry \(Tanke, 2000\)\." Introduction: There have been researches conducted on the importance of the human resource management and as the business environment has transformed into more competitive world, the importance of having an adequate and appropriate Human Resource Management cannot be neglected. The most important factor by which the HRM contributes towards the organizational success is to realize the differences between cultures while the business tends to experience internationalization. There have been many researches already being conducted in order to realize the different cultures, people having different attitudes towards the similar issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management in the Hospitality Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to several factors like globalization and internalization of the businesses, this has increased the focus of many authors to write about importance of culture and realize that removing the cultural difference will enable the company to improve the performance. In order for the business to prosper in the international market it is necessary to realize the difference in the local culture and realize the different norms and values in the local market, and this can easily be done by having proper Human Resource Management in the organization. There are many cases in which huge company experienced failure in order to enter the new market like China, this is mainly because the company is not able to realize the different and intense local culture, norms and unique values of the country, it creates difficulties in conducting operational and non operational activities like marketing and financing the company. Having HR department to support the organization, through intense communicatio n across the company and also providing the required training and developing the needed skills in the employees can enable the company to become more competitive in the new market. The difference in the culture and the importance of realizing the difference is very crucial in every sector of the business including the Hospitality industry. This industry is unique in kind since this is the only business in which the consumer is being brought to the product instead of taking the product to the consumer. Hospitality industry across the globe has experienced boost due to globalization concept, this research report is based on the book written by an author named Ulrike Ditzel, and the name of the book is Cultural difference in business life, understanding German and American Business Culture. This research study is being based on the importance of Culture in business related to the necessity of having appropriate HRM in hospitality industry. This report discusses the various issues that are being discussed by the author and the evaluation of the work is also being conducted which can be found during the research report many times, although this book makes it sure th at realizing cultural difference is essential for hospitality industry. Hospitality Industry: In order to first realize that how HRM has grown to a more important role in the business especially in the tourism industry, it is first necessary to realize the current situation of the industry. After the industrialization of the globe the concept of viewing the world as a single market was introduced known as globalization; in other and simpler words, one country stop selling and other quits buying. due to globalization in the many people tend to travel more for many different reasons, especially for business purpose, tourism and many others, or it can be said that people are travelling more than before which has provided boost to the hospitality industry across the globe, and for many countries having adequate hospitality industry, it has become the major source of income, countries like Malaysia which has promoted itself as the best place for spending the vacation, places like Hawaii, these regions have experienced development due to the increase in the people travelling and vi siting this place hence generating more income for the country (Knowles, Diamantis, Mourhabi, 2004). Some places can be observed for having natural uniqueness providing those some benefits over other places, where people will love to spend their vacations, some places are very attractive for having historic background like Taj Mahal in India, or Moenjo Daro in Pakistan, people having interest in viewing the historic stuff love to visit this place. It can be therefore easily be said that the Hospitality industry has increased as compared to past years and tourism also played its role in the development of the industry, but still there are other factors like business which has more influenced the entire industry. For instance, Dubai one of the major financial hub before recession was the main country for many multinational companies to work and set their head office there, as the recession period is being over the state has again capture the sight of many businesses. Through the above discussion it can be observed that the main factor influencing the business sector is the globalizati on and therefore people travelling for business purpose has provided the fuel for the hospitality industry (Olsen, Zhao, 2008). This can be considered that travelling for business purpose has also increased the people to travel for pleasure as well; there are many countries which are now connecting both industries in one form like Malaysia which is the most benefitted country amongst all, generating much revenue from this sector, since this country is being the technological hub for many countries and god has gifted this country with great many scenarios the management has able to maintain make it useful for the country. Therefore it can be said that the Hospitality industry has increased a lot and recently there are many factors which have played an important role in the development of this industry (Pizam, 2005). By reading the research work conducted by the authors, the importance of Human Resource Management was observed and realized that the HR personal should always be present in the any business especially in the tourism industry. The following part of the report includes the various critical aspects of organization managing the adequate human resource management in working in the tourism industry (Tanke, 2000). You read "Human Resource Management in the Hospitality Industry" in category "Essay examples" Importance of Human Resource in Hospitality Industry: Likewise many businesses and industry, the hospitality industry has also realized the fact that employees are the most important asset of the organization. Especially in hotel business, having a good, qualified and hardworking workforce can distinguish between which hotel is good and which is bad. The human resource managers are able to cover almost every aspect of the hotel; this makes human resource management an integral and significant part of the management in the hospitality industry. After going through the document it is being realized that since hospitality industry is about providing better services to the consumers, therefore the quality of the hotel depends upon the labor force working in the hotels (Chon, Mair, 2009). There are many different areas, improving them is the duty of human resource manager resulting in the overall better performance by the entire organization. The HRM department is responsible for hiring new employees, the newly hired employees can seriously affect the performance of the hotel which makes it necessary for the managers to hire the best and qualified workers present in the market by following appropriate hiring process, in which every candidate is critically evaluated and only those with the spark are being hired. The most important task for the HR manager is to get the most appropriate people for particular task, since in hotel industry, many workers tend to just participate in the work, as they think that there is nothing else to do, whereas hotel services require proactive employees which can make decision on the spot and can satisfy the customer query in time (Brotherton, 2003). This report will also discuss the issues that are related with the HR manager in terms of managing the different tasks in the hospitality industry, but the most important task of the HR manager is to retain the highest quality employees, the main problem in doing this duty is the fact that many of the people do not want use this industry as the ending career, therefore the employee turnover in the hospitality industry is relatively much higher than other industry (Albercht, 2001). After analyzing the document that is being also discussed in the start of the report, reading the document helped to realize that HR manager has to more strategic in terms of handling HRM issues in the industry (Aswathappa, 2010). In more critical aspect which can be realized is that since hospitality industry, the management need to handle the customers coming from different countries having different cultures and unique attributes, that’s what makes the HR department to have a broader perspective of duties in the Hospitality industry. Therefore the importance of Human Resource Management cannot be neglected in this industry, having customers coming from different cultures do have separate living standards and also the expectation varies. Therefore the training and development provided by the HR manager should enable the employees to cope up the issues related to the cultural issues arising (Brewster Harris, 1999). Moreover, when any company wants to open a hotel in the international market, or in other words a hotel which needs to go beyond the boundaries, it has to face some difficult issues in terms of managing the cultural factors (Browaeys, 2008). There are many examples of huge companies facing failure when entering into different countries. HR department has to play a significant role in this regard while maintaining the significant corporate culture and also to cope up the issues regarding the external environment (McManus, 2006). Moreover in the global context in terms of hospitality industry, the HR manager also has to be more strategic in terms of rewarding and motivating the employees through different processes. Hotels which are able to provide appropriate training to the employees resulting in the enhancements of the skills and abilities of the employees make it possible for them to go upward in the career (Dash, 2007). Having appropriate HR department in the hotel provides the employees a gateway by which they can have proper guidance regarding any issue related to the performance or with the daily operational activities. Moreover this provides with the sense of security to the employees that they do have someone who can look after them whenever they commit a mistake (Edwards, 2007). The above discussed importance of having appropriate HR manager and department is being extracted from the document that was supposed to lead. In that particular document, it was analyzed that having human resource management in the hospitality industry is must (Ferraro, 2006). Importance of Culture in International Hospitality Industry: There are many cultural factors that prevent the company, in this case hotel to operate in the other regions, this was observed during the analyses of the document that was required to consider, these issues become more critical when they are not properly treated, and for the providing the appropriate treatment organization needs to have appropriate human resource management. In order to manage the different factors, it is first essential to identify these factors and then the role of the HR manager in order to cope up with the issues, some important elements are (Hellibrand, 2008): Social Structure: This is very important for the hotels that are planning to open a new business unit in any other country. The social structure here represents the way people live in different countries, this is important to realize since, HR manager needs to hire the employees and train them accordingly. In different regions people do have different perspectives and different living standards, resulting in diversified population to target and attract, and also to hire people that are also from different social structure. HR manager in the hospitality industry can enable the organization to understand the basic difference in the social structure of the country from the country of origin (Keegan, 2002). Language: This comprises of the most difficulties from all the different factors in culture, a hotel going international or entering into a new country needs to face this issues, there are many examples like Coca Cola entering China and changing the pronunciation, as first it did not mean what was expected from it, moreover like many other businesses the importance of employees is also being realized by the hospitality industry and now businesses considers employees the most important asset of the organization, therefore HR manager needs to be proactive in dealing with the issues related to language problem in the new country. moreover HR manager in the hotel will able to develop the understanding in the upper management about the local culture and what are the different jargons and what are the norms of the language (Luger, 2009). Even if the business is not international, hotel needs to accommodate people from different nations having different languages and act in their language can mean harmful whereas can also mean very normal in the local language in which the hotel is being working. Here comes the strategic role of the Human Resource Manager who needs to fill the gap that is being created by the language issues by holding appropriate session related to training the employees and also telling the management about the language differences (Paul, 2008). Education: Here the education means the level of literacy rate in the country, this has become a critical issue for the HR management because, organizations working in the country having low literacy rate will make it hard for the organization to find the most appropriate employee for the position. Moreover sometimes hiring less educated people will harm the services provided by the hotels, since hiring inappropriate employee in hotel can alter the services at very rapid pace, since in hotels direct customer interaction is being conducted, hence affecting the image of the entire organization (Poole, 1999). Interests and Values: HR manager has to realize that what elements are different in terms of interests in the new country, it is also possible that one thing which is given the most value in the country of origin means nothing in the new country, hence resulting in the failure of the entire business. Therefore the Human Resource Management needs to realize the difference between the interests and values of the culture and try to pose the hotel in an acceptable manner and decorate it in the similar way, so that potential customers can feel that they are in their own culture. Economics: Different currency rate, different factors driving the economy, varying financial sector, these issues are less related to the HR manager, but international hospitality industry needs to cope up with these issues that occur when management decides to internationalize the entire business. Effects of Culture on Hospitality Industry: After analyzing the hospitality industry in the context of the human resource management and cultural affects, it has been noted that the there are various elements that effect the cultures for the hospitality industry. Some of the key elements are discussed below; Consumer Behavior: One of the main important elements that has noted is that the consumer behavior is hospitality industry is changing with significant rates. As compared to the last couple of decades the behaviors of the customers have been changed and the main reason behind this change is the mode of globalization. As discussed in the above report that the since the business world has entered into globalization mode, the hospitality industry has managed to grow faster than ever before because the visitors now find this easy to move from one region to another easily and with many facilities (Mondy, 2008). And since the customers have now visited many places across the world, the roles of human resource personnel have become more critical. Today, the human resource personnel have to ensure that they design the organizational policies and regulations according to the consumer behavior. But the changing behaviors of the consumers are restricting the human resource personnel to do so. Many of the companies and their HR departments are now planning and redesigning their strategies to ensure that the consumer behaviors are properly understood. As compared to the past few years, the HR personnel in hospitality industry have become more responsible to understand the needs and requirements of the customers and act accordingly. Local Demand: A part from the above critical factors of changes in consumer behavior, the local and regional demand of the customers has also noted to be changed. Especially after the global and economical crisis, the visitors do not prefer to visit the other locations outside the regions because it requires them to pay the expenses and due to financial crisis, every individual is suffering from the shortage of finances (Schuler Jackson, 1999). The HR department of hospitality industry again has to ensure that it clearly understands the local demand and design the organizational strategies accordingly to attract the potential customers and increase the sales and profitability. As this is the only way which is remained to adopt otherwise sustaining in hospitality industry is not an easy task to perform. Brand Image: Maintaining the brand image is also one of the critical jobs for the organizations and HR departments are one of the responsible departments to do so. The regional culture also creates many complications for the hospitality industrial companies to ensure that the brand image is saved from any harm. Today it is noted that many of the companies are operating efficiently and successful across the world and it is because of the regional culture (Rae, 2000). Human Resource Issues in the Hospitality Industry: Different levels of hotels big and small in the hospitality industry face difficulty in order to manage the human resource and also the relationships with the employees in any country or countries they operate in. There have been increase in the employees issue regarding the organizational culture; the cases for sexual harassments have increased which ultimately costs the organization to give from its profit (Wvans, 2010). There are many cases observed in which hotels are not following the health and safety issues regarding the employees or the customers and even different services provided to them in different phases. Many hotels are observed to have high employee turnover or highly staffed labor, which means the organization is having more employees than required. This is because of the lack of appropriate HR manager and department which are not fulfilling the different needs of the organization, as now days the HR department should be playing more strategic role instead of only r estricted to traditional ways. There are few major issues regarding the HR personals in the hospitality industry which was observed during the reading of the document presented by the author (Price, 2007): Job Description: the main issue for the HRM in the international hospitality industry to is to develop an appropriate job description which can cover the entire employee area of the organization. The issue concerning this element is the fact that HR manager needs to incorporate every level of employee in order to deliver better services to the customers (Smith Mounter, 2008). Policies and Procedures: in order to develop the policies regarding the employees in the organization, the HR manager needs to be more proactive, since working in the international business environment needs to incorporate different cultures, as it has been discussed above in the report. Moreover the HR manager needs to deal with different laws and regulations depending upon the country or the countries they are working in. this mean that the HR manager needs to develop policies in which every aspect is being taken care off so that the management is able to have better relations with the employees. These policies must incorporate the different operational issues like sexual harassments and other problems that the employees are facing in their duties. Inductions Process: it has been already being discussed above that the most important asset of the company are the employees, therefore working in the international business industry, hotel needs to have the most appropriate and hardworking employees so that they can perform much better. The entire induction process of the company should be strategically followed by HR manager (Wierzbicka, 1999). Conclusion: As the business environment is getting more competitive, organizations in different industries need to gain some access to those resources in which they have gain the competitive advantage to increase the profitability. The above report is being constructed in this similar regard, in which it was required to select an author which has written on the topic of culture and then the concepts earned through that book was being incorporated in this research report which is based on the importance of Human Resource Management in the international industry. Therefore the report is constructed in a logical manner followed from the evolution of the Hospitality industry, in this part the different factors have been discussed which has resulted in the boost of the entire industry; the main factor which has influenced is the globalization. Then the importance of culture is being discussed and how the realization of the culture is important in the international business environment and also different factors of the culture are being discussed. In the end part of the report, the importance of Human resource management is being discussed and how human resource manager can play its role in the development of the organizational performance. There are few issues also discussed in which the basic emphasis was on to have an appropriate inductions system by which the organization will be able to hire best employees. References: Albercht M H, 2001, International HRM, Wiley Black, USA UK Aswathappa K, 2010, International Business, Tata Mc Graw Hill, India Brewster C Harris H, 1999, International HRM, Routledge, USA Canada Brotherton B, 2003, the international hospitality industry, Butterworth-Heinemann, China Browaeys M J, 2008, Understanding Cross Cultural Management, Pearson Education, India Chon K, Mair T, 2009, welcome to hospitality, Cengage Learning, Canada Dash A, 2007, IRHM, Tata Mc Graw Hill, India Edwards T, 2007, International HRM, Pearson Education, India, Ferraro E, 2006, Cultural Anthropology, Cengage Learning, USA Hellibrand J, 2008, Cross Cultural Competences, GRIN, Germany Keegan W J, 2002, Global Marketing Management, 7th E, Pearson Education, India Knowles T, Diamantis D, Mourhabi J, 2004, The globalization of tourism and hospitality, Cengage learning, UK Luger E, 2009, Hofstede Cultural Dimensions, GRIN, Germany McManus J, 2006, Leadership: Project Human Capital Management, BH, UK Mondy R W, 2008, HRM, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, India Olsen M, Zhao J, 2008, Handbook of hospitality strategic management, Butterworth-Heinemann, UK Paul J, 2008, International Business, PHI Learning, India Pizam A, 2005, international encyclopedia of hospitality management, Butterworth-Heinemann, UK Poole M, 1999, HRM, Routledge, USA Canada Price A, 2007, HRM in a Business Context, Cengage Learning EMEA, USA Rae L, 2000, Effective Planning in Training Development, Kogan Page, GB Reddington M, Williamson M Withers M, 2005, Transforming HR: Creating Value Through People, BH, GB Schuler R S Jackson S E, 1999, Strategic Human Resource Management, Blackwell Publisher, GB Sims R R Vares J G, 1999, Keys to Employee Success in Coming Decades, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA Singh S, 2006, HRD and Managerial Development, Global Vision Publishing, India Smith L Mounter P, 2008, Effective Internal Communication, Kogan Page Publishers, India Tanke M, 2000, HRM for hospitality industry, Cengage learning, US Wierzbicka A, 1999, Emotions Across Languages Culture, Cambridge University Press, GB Wvans P B, 2010, The Global Challenge, Tata Mc G How to cite Human Resource Management in the Hospitality Industry, Essay examples

The VeriFone Company

Background VeriFone Corporation was founded in 1981 by William Melton. This company started specializing in the automation and delivery of â€Å"secure payment† and other payment-related transactions to several markets from the time it was set up. The limits for the company’s business operations were set by its mission.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The VeriFone Company’s Organizational and Operational Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company’s mission was; â€Å"to create and lead the transaction automation industry worldwide† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 2). The founder of VeriFone Corporation was an entrepreneur who had a habit of hating structure and bureaucracy. At the time he founded the company, it started by offering simple electronic check verification systems. A short time later, the company widened its base and started offering â€Å"low-cost, ter minal systems for the retail end of credit card and check authorization† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 2). Later on, in the year 1997, the company was offering a wider range of products which included â€Å"smart card technology for merchants, internet payments solutions for merchants, banks and consumers, client/server payment processing solutions for financial institutions, and products to enable the emerging consumer home banking marketplace† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 2). Before the year 1996 ended, the company had engaged in the distribution of over 5 million transaction automation systems that had in turn been installed in more than one hundred nations across the world. The revenue that was received by the company in 1996 was more than four hundred and seventy million dollars and the profit was over thirty nine million. This was a quite remarkable performance. VeriFone grew rapidly starting from the early 1990s all through to the mid-1990s and during that per iod, the annual growth rate was in excess of 25 percent. The company has been driven by research and development. The research and development in the company has â€Å"consistently exceeded 10 percent of sales since the company’s founding† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 3). Market Analysis The company operated in a competitive market whereby other operators offering similar products gave it some stiff competition. Operating in such an environment requires a company to move first and to come up with the best strategies that can enable it to win the competition. In this line, VeriFone put in place appropriate measures that enabled it to remain ahead of the competition. The company’s traditional terminal and printer products received competition from products that were offered by vendors such as Hypercom. More so, in regard to the smart card market, the company received competition from companies like Schlumberger and Diebold.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering the virtual world, several start-up and traditional companies existed which looked for ways to define that marketplace. This company had to counter all these. According to Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan, basing on a research report that was released by the International Data Corp, a research firm based in Massachusetts, â€Å"the internet portion of the electronics commerce market alone was expected to reach $95 billion in the United States by the year 2000† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 3). VeriFone’s manufacturing facilities are established close to global manufacturing excellence centers. This is what enabled it become market leaders. In the year 1998, each month, they were delivering about 122, 000 systems. The leadership position held by this company in secure payment solutions came to be noticed by many and among these was Hewlett Packard. The Hewlett Packard Company acquired VeriFone at a cost of 1.9 billion dollars and this took place on 25th June in 1997. In the course of the entire 1990s, VeriFone â€Å"has consistently held market shares in excess of 60 percent; being four times the size of their nearest competitor† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 3). Some players in the financial sector were stunned by the arrangement made by Hewlett Packard with VeriFone of the one-for-one swap. It is reported that one employee of VeriFone noted that, â€Å"HP purchased us for our internet products and strategy†¦however, today those products generate less than 10 percent of our revenue† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 3). The analysts who understand the payment industry and familiar with VeriFone, held a belief that Hewlett Packard made a very shrewd decision to â€Å"invest in a small, entrepreneurial business organization which has global leadership in high growth markets† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 3) . Considering this clearly, the move taken by HP to acquire VeriFone, a company that was performing well in the global market, would serve to help it to improve its performance. Strategic Analysis The company has a number of core values and they include; â€Å"commitment to excellence, dedication to customer needs, promotion of teamwork, recognition of the individual, a global mindset, and ethical conduct† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 5). These values were instilled by Melton and other founders of the organization. A larger number of these values illustrated the company’s culture in the year 1997. Immediately after Tyabji came to office as the company’s president in 1986, he deliberately took measures to speak out these values over and over again in order for them to remain at the heart of VeriFone’s internal as well as external activities. This leader took an initiative to personally write a corporate philosophy manual and did not get tired â€Å"evan gelizing† about this philosophy to the employees in the company.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The VeriFone Company’s Organizational and Operational Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He influenced the management to set up other new ways that could be used to pass over information about the corporate values and offering â€Å"guidance to the far-flung work force† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 5). Such a move is quite remarkable and an organization that undertakes this improves its performance to a high level. Embracing the company’s values by the employees and the management plays a major role towards achieving the organization’s objectives. This company’s enthusiasm to discover the customer needs in order to satisfy them was produced and seean in a number of ways. On a constant basis, the top management was basically having two questions: â€Å"where is the customer’s pain? Can VeriFone generate some income by lessening or doing away with this pain?†(Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 4). For any company to succeed, it needs to identify a need among the consumers and strive to satisfy that need and the company is in turn rewarded in the form of the profits that are realized through high demand for the product that serves to satisfy the need of the customers. The company seeks to avail the product to the customer, ensuring that this customer is well informed and obtains the product in the most convenient way possible. VeriFone put facilities close to the markets that were coming up and the technical employees were requested to take trips to where the customers were in order to familiarize themselves with them. The principles that drove product design at VeriFone included high volume, reliability, and value and low cost. The combination of the company’s customer responsiveness culture and its IT capacity always produced g reat results. This can be illustrated by pointing out one incident that took place. A new sales representative, who was operating in Greece, was given information by a large client that a company’s competitor had engaged in raising concerns about the expertise in debit cards that VeriFone had. The sales rep sent an email to the company requesting for information concerning debit installations and any references which could assist him to make the sale. Within a period of 24 hours, he had received 16 responses and ten references. The day that followed, being now in a position to say that VeriFone had four hundred thousand installations all over the world, the sales rep closed a very big deal with the Greek bank (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 4). In the present business world, another important concept that is assisting the organizations to win a competitive advantage is knowledge management. Information has to be shared across the company and this is what had enabled VeriFone t o widen its customer base and increase sales.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the year 1997, there were three sales organizations which were geographically-based. In the U.S, VeriFone delivered its secure payment system products directly to â€Å"major retailers, petroleum companies, convenience stores, banks, and transaction processors, and indirectly to retail merchants, healthcare providers and government agencies through a variety of distribution channels† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 4). In other regions such as Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Canada and Latin America, the selling of this company’s systems solution was done in a direct manner to the merchant service providers and it was also done directly through a network of distributors referred to as â€Å"VeriFone International Partners† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 4). Moreover, VeriFone client/server and network management software products, as well as its systems integration services for the internet, were directly sold to the financial institutions, processors a s well as to retail organizations (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 4). The choice of the way to distribute and sale products depend on some factors. A successful organization is the one that chooses the right distribution channels and VeriFone has proved to be one of them. As the significance of a company’s product increases, the company has to take appropriate measures to respond accordingly in order to continue serving customers effectively. After recognizing that the importance of software and services was increasing, the company added two more business groups. One of them was the ‘Centum Consulting Group’ which was formed in the year 1996 in order for it to offer advisory services to the clients in regard to the electronic payment strategies and alternatives. The other one was Professional Services group which assisted in designing, building, supporting and managing electronic payment solutions for the VeriFone’s clients (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 4) . Operations Management Each and every company operating in whichever industry has to develop a particular culture that has to be adopted by the employees and the management in order for it to be successful in its operations. VeriFone developed a culture of sticking closely to its values that it set up. Since its inception, the company’s management has identified â€Å"individualism† as being a starting point of inventiveness. The formalization of this practice was carried out in the year 1987 with, as pointed out by Stoddard, Donnellon and Nola, â€Å"the philosophy document publication which stated clearly that; the people who know best how the job should be done are the ones doing it. We involve employees directly in the management of their own areas of responsibility†(Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 5). When the employee described what it was like being an employee at VeriFone, they characteristically gave out comments which served to give evidence that the co mpany was actually dedicated to this deal. An example is given of one employee who was asked about what he felt was special about the VeriFone Company in which the response was that; â€Å"the people, its culture of urgency and the autonomy to do your own things† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 5). When the senior vice president in charge of global marketing and software division, Lloyd, was asked to comment about the company after being there for one a half a years, his response was; â€Å"VeriFone is the biggest start-up that I have ever seen. There are pockets of innovation everywhere† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 5). As it may be established, this company developed a culture that promoted commitment among the employees and the management towards achieving the set goals. Any organization that offers a chance to its employees to be innovative is in a better position to identifying and capitalizing on opportunities and in turn achieving high performance. It was point ed out by one senior executive in the company that the best description that can be given to VeriFone environment is that it is an entrepreneurial one. Those executives who attain success at this company are normally those who are driven to succeed and those who obtain self-esteem from the work they do. The company has a workaholic culture (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 5). It was also pointed out by another manager in the company that those in the management positions at VeriFone are not told what they are supposed to do. â€Å"They are held accountable for their actions/performance but this is an environment where people are rewarded for taking risks and trying new things† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 5). Allowing people in an organization to come up with and to present new ideas or being innovative and in turn rewarding them for their positive contributions encourages them to work even harder with much enthusiasm to ensure the company’s goals and objectives are ac hieved. There is need to put in place some clear incentive plans. Employees who are motivated feels they are part and parcel of the team and will always work hard to ensure the team wins. Some incentive plans were put in place for the company’s employees as well as for the executives. In the year 1995, there was introducing of a profit sharing plan. Under this plan, the company’s employees were given a payout equivalent to approximately 5 working days of base salary earnings in a situation where the company would have achieved its â€Å"target net income after taxes equal to 9% revenue† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 7). On the other hand, the incentive plan for the executives was not similar to this one. A description was given by one of the executives that; â€Å"the profit-sharing plan encourages innovation and risk taking†¦..the benefits of succeeding are very great and the penalties for failing are not so great as to discourage you† (Stoddard, D onnellon and Nolan 10). For those executive having significant business unit responsibilities, the company’s plan offers bonuses on a â€Å"steeply ascending sliding scale† beginning from a minimum of 10 percent o a maximum of 100% of salary for going beyond the financial objectives for the net income as well as EVA. It is noted that, †there are no financial consequences for not meeting objectives, but everyone knew Tyabji noted and remembered such performance disappointments† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 7). The success of this company and subsequent market leadership can as well be attributed to such incentive plans. Opportunities and Challenges Globalization has caused great changes in the global market. These changes have brought in opportunities which the business organizations have capitalized on as well as challenges that organizations have been trying to overcome. Considering the case of the industry in which VeriFone has been operating, it is rea lized that, following the increasing globalization; the nature of electronic payments are expanding at a very high rate, with the technologies that are coming up creating new opportunities in the markets such as; internet and consumer systems. In the year 1996, it was pointed out by the Company’s Chairman, CEO and President, Hatim Tybji, in the letter he wrote to the shareholders that; being the world leader in electronic payment systems, VeriFone Company is in a better position of leveraging its competencies, the company’s clients and technology partner relationships, and its resources in pursuit of these opportunities. He is quoted to have said â€Å"†¦.just as we made ‘Slide and Go’ credit and debit card transactions fast, secure and easy, we are aiming to make ‘Click and Go’ secure internet transactions a standard payment solution† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 1). In the year 1997, during the month of July, the VeriFone Compa ny went through a transition. It was at this point that HP acquired it and the various internet strategic alliances â€Å"positioned VeriFone for the future† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 1). However, management challenges came in at this point following the changing nature of the company’s products. It is reported that one of the company’s employees pointed out that: â€Å"Historically VeriFone sold gray boxes. Today, we are selling client/server Java-based systems and a myriad of peripheral devices. The skills that a sales person needs to be successful are fundamentally different†( Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 1). While the company’s president looked to the future, he had to make sure that the company had the suitable sales force as well as resources to develop and sale the company’s future products as well as services in the global market. Financial Management Every organization engages in managing and controlling its fiancà ©s to ensu re effective operation and each organization may set up its own unique plan depending on the decisions made by the management. The annual planning process in VeriFone Company commenced with the senior management setting up a three-year plan. â€Å"The financial targets for Economic Value Added (EVA), revenue and GM were then proposed for and negotiated with, each business unit† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 8). The tracking of performance was carried out on a weekly basis by the controllers and there was sharing of this with the top 250 individuals within the company (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 8). The introduction of the EVA measure had just been done recently as an executive performance measure. This one encompassed the fixed assets measures, accounts receivable and inventory management and it constituted a half of the bonus of an executive. This half or 50 percent was on the basis of the revenues and the contribution margins. Zaelit, the company’s senior vice pr esident in charge of the Finance and Administration Division, characterized the company’s controls generally as â€Å"fluid and relevant† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 8). The company’s senior vice president for Global Marketing and development, Lloyd Mahaffey, pointed out that; whereas the business metrics are of great significance, on the other hand, they were not necessarily the best effectiveness measures in the market. Lloyd Mahaffey went on to give a description of a set of marketing activities which he referred to as â€Å"constantly tuning in to the market† (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 8). The accomplishment of this tuning was realized through sending e-mails, having face-to-face communication with the clients, making conference calls with the field representatives, reading information on customers, the competitors, and channels as well as information on technology. Lloyd’s direct reports gave weekly revenue projections, the contribution margin, fresh business prospects and the targeted dates for closing. Control measures are very important for any company. When appropriately applied, they assist in reducing costs and improving performance. Workers within the organizations are expected to meet particular set targets. The executive vice president in charge of manufacturing and distribution division, Jim Palmer, characterized his control measures in VeriFone in the following manner: My organization is expected to meet costs and dates and exceed quality†¦more explicitly; manufacturing is expected to systematically reduce cost of goods sold and development is expected to release products for production when we said we would. Additionally, it is understood that managers and employers at all levels are expected to meet their commitments and improve. When I review the performance of managers in my organization, 20% of the review is focused on how well we are meeting operating goals, and 80% is focused on what we are doing to improve. We must prevent atrophy (Stoddard, Donnellon and Nolan 8). As it has been established, by 1997, VeriFone had an impressive performance and had a very promising future. In 1996, the company received total revenue of over $470 million and its net profit was over $39 million. This performance was higher than that that had been realized in the precious year (1995). There was a 21 percent increase in the revenues in the year 1996 as compared to the previous year. In 1995, the revenue was about $387 million and the net profit was about $32.5 million. The net profit had also risen by about 21 percent. This was not the starting point for the company’s growth and good performance. The company had grown rapidly starting from the early 1990s all through to the mid-1990s and during that period, the annual growth rate was in excess of 25 percent. Basing on the measures that were being taken by the company and on its past performance record, the company was set to grow ev en more. Conclusion Having an agreement that it will go on operating separately as a wholly-owned subsidiary of HP, the VeriFone Company seemed to be destined towards having continual success. In a similar manner, the strategic alliances in which the company got involved including those with such companies as Netscape and Microsoft among other technology vendors gave a suggestion that this company was well positioned. While the company’s president, Tyabji, together with the company’s senior management team forecasted in to the future; their intention was to ensure their attention was focused to make sure that the company remained to be a leader in the payments marketplace. The organizational as well as the operational issues were in the forefront of what they had in mind. Works Cited Stoddard, Donna, Donnellon Anne, and Nolan Richard. â€Å"VeriFone (1997)†. Harvard Business School Review 398.30 (1999): 1- 20. This case study on The VeriFone Company’s Organizational and Operational Issues was written and submitted by user Lauren O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research Paper on Multiple Sclerosis

Research Paper on Multiple Sclerosis Introduction Multiple Sclerosis is a demyelization disorder of the central nervous system and the spinal cord; which leads to patches of plaques in the regions of the brain and spinal cord. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 2000) There are many types of multiple sclerosis, however the severity and type of multiple sclerosis depends upon the size and location of the plaque. There are five common types of multiple sclerosis: Benign Sensory multiple sclerosis, which is a form of multiple sclerosis that does not get worse and is usually accompanied with numbness and blurred vision. Benign exacerbating/remission Multiple Sclerosis, fluctuates but comes closely back to baseline after the attack. Chronic Relapsing-Progressive Multiple Sclerosis is another type of MS where patients’ symptoms worsen after the attack. Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive condition where symptoms get worse without a distinct attack. Acute Progressive Multiple Sclerosis involves a rapidly progressive downhill course, where the symptoms become more and more severe. Causes of multiple sclerosis may vary; however, research has linked many different causes to the onset of MS. Causes may include: a virus causing demyelization, violent trauma to the head or spinal cord, and or an immune system attack which cause the body to attack the myelin sheaths around the neurons in the ascending and descending pathways. The most common symptoms and limitations for multiple sclerosis patients are fatigue, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, and loss of vision (Silverthorn, 1998). Patients may also experience stiffness and spacticity, balance and coordination impairment, bladder or bowel dysfunction, cognitive or emotional disturbances, or pain. Each individual may experience one or more symptoms sporadically, with temporary periods of remission (Whitney, 2001). Thus, limitations depend on the severity of the MS or if the MS is in remission or exacerbation state. Since MS is a neurological disease, many limitations are caused by a lack of neuromuscular control. One limitation for MS patients is spacticity. Since the patient becomes more spastic and loses control of voluntary muscle, it becomes harder for them to control desired movement plans. Gait becomes a problem because the MS patient cannot always control the appropriate muscles needed to effectively and efficiently loco mote. Efficiency of movement is also a limitation among patients with MS. Most MS patients become tired or weak due the amount of energy it takes to control muscle activity. Weakness is due to poor transmission of electrical impulse, thus server uphill locomotion may only fatigue the nerve and further increase the muscle weakness. However, Randall and Schapiro found that patients with MS who perform well balance exercises that involve weight lifting or repetitive movements of muscles to the point of fatigue do not increase their muscular strength. Rather they increase weakness and fatigue. (Randall Schapiro, 1994) Fatigue is another limitation for patients with MS because it makes it difficult to maintain proper workout intensity. Muscle fatigue leads to unproductive gait as well as putting the patient at a higher risk of injury due to the fact that fatigue often leads to nausea and disorientation. This in turn could lead the MS patient to even higher risk of injuring themselves because they are even less aware of there surrounding environment. Another limitation for MS patients is muscle weakness. For many MS patients pain becomes a major issue as the condition begins to worsen. Thus, this causes muscle to weaken dramatically due to the fact that pain causes the patients to move less, and in turn leads to muscle atrophy. Since there is a decrease in muscle mass and strength the ability, gait also becomes altered. In 1976, Baum and Rothschild found that 123,000 people were reportedly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Female were 1.7 times more likely than a male to be diagnosed, and a non-white person was half as likely to be diagnosed versus a white individual. Those living in areas considered as â€Å"high risk† were 1.9 times as likely to be diagnosed with the disease. â€Å"Prevalence rate by age rose sharply from the group below 20 years old to the 30-39 age groups, and then rapidly decreased for those 60 years and older (Baum and Rothschild, 1981).† More recently, from 1990 to 1992, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 180,000 new cases of MS, with 250,000 to 350,000 Americans living with the disease at that time. Women were stated to be three times more likely than men to get MS (Whitney, 2001). Over time it seems the prevalence of this disease has not increased sharply within the general population of Americans, although the likelihood of a female bein g diagnosed with the disease is increasing. This may be due to environmental or genetic risk factors. Purpose Locomotion is the most basic and yet most essential part of a human transportation. The purpose of this paper is to focus on how Multiple Sclerosis effects gait pattern. Literature Review In a study by Goldfarb Simon 1984, research was conducted for the purpose of looking at the relationship between Amyotrophic MS and walking performance. They studied 7 women and 17 men who were all within normal height/weight ranges (all subjects were within 15 pounds of a standard height weight table). This was used to rule out obesity. Subject’s ages ranged from 31-81 years. Eight muscles were identified for either the swing phase or stance phase. Swing muscles were anterior tibialis, hamstrings, quadriceps and hip flexors; Stance muscles included the gastronomies, quadriceps, adductors, gluteus medius and gluteus maximums. Goldfarb, et al found that patients with Amyotrophic MS spend less time in the swing phase and more time in stance phase. Therefore, walking velocity decreased in patients Amyotrophic MS. They also found there was no correlation between velocity of walking and the following: 1) the number of months since patient was diagnosed, 2) pulmonary function and 3) the type of neurological involvement (Goldfarb Simon 1984). Another study on MS looked at the effects of an aquatic exercise program on gait parameters. 11 patients with MS volunteered for the study but two quit before the final test. All subjects participated in a 10 week aquatic exercise program consisting of aqua-calisthenics and freestyle swimming. Three sixty minute exercise sessions were held each day and exercise intensity was 60% to 75% sub maximal (Gehlsen, et al 1986) Results indicated patients with MS showed decrease in stride length, slower free speed walking rates and higher walking cadence than those patients without MS. They also found that patients with MS have less vertical lift when walking.. Thus, according to there research aquatic fitness programs have no major effect on improving or impairing studied gait parameters. A study by Rodgers et al 1999 also looked at gait characteristic before and after a six month aerobic training program. 18 patients (14 female and 4 male) with different stages of MS were studied. The exercise program consisted of a cycle ergo-meter protocol in which the subjects exercised three times a week for 30 minutes maintaining a heart rate in and around 65 to 70% (Rodgers, et al 1999). The subjects used a combined arm/leg ergo-meter for a total of 24 weeks. They found that there was an increase hip abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation indicating that a specific range of motion pattern was favorable due to exercise. They also found that patients with MS have an increase tightness of the hip flexors. However, because of the nature of the disease they were only able concluded that because neurological decline from MS occurred within the 6 month time frame for several subjects, it was difficult to differentiate the effects of intervention by exercise, form changes in status resulting from progressive of the disease (Rodgers, et al 1999). Frzovic, Morris Vowels 2000 looked at standing balance performance in patients with MS. Twenty eight subjects were used, 14 with MS and 14 without MS (14 control subject matched for age, gender and height). In this study subjects were measured on their standing balance with feet apart, feet together, stride stance, double support stance, single support stance and self generated perturbations. Results illustrated that there were no differences between MS and the MS control group on the ability to maintain standing balance with feet apart, feet together or in stride stance. Patients with MS performed more poorly than control subjects in double and single leg stance and in the functional reach test, arm test, step test and in response to external perturbation (Frzovic, Morris Vowels, 2000) Not only was research conducted on the effects of MS on exercise and balance. Research was also conducted on the effects of drugs on MS and its effect on gait parameter. Several forms of treatment for the symptoms and progression of MS are currently being researched. For example, low-dose oral methotrexate (MTX), human interferons (IFNs), and the drug cladribine have all been approved to treat MS. Use of oral methotrexate was studied by Goodkin, et al. (1995) in an attempt to find a drug less toxic than drugs copolymer 1 and interferon beta-1b. A study conducted by Orsnes, Sorensen, Larsen Ravnborg 2000 looked at the effects of baclofen on gait. 14 patients aging from 24-57 were studied. The study was a placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study, all patients were either assigned to baclofen or placebo. Doses of 5mg 3 times a day were taken, after 11 days measurements were taken, followed by a two week wash out period. After which the seven placebo patients were given baclofe n and seven baclofen patients were given the placebo. Results revealed that there was no significant difference between baclofen and placebo treatment in postural and gait instability with open and closed eyes (Orsnes, Sorensen, Larsen Ravnborg 2000). Thus, they concluded that the effects of baclofen on gait in treatment of spacticity was not evident in their study Conclusion MS is a severe demyelization disease that has numerous effects on the human body’s functional ability. In the research discussed it is evident that gait patterns in patients with MS are determined by the progression to the disease, rather then exercise and training. Research concluded that aerobic and aquatic training have little to no significance in the maintance of gait patterns in MS patients. Drug therapies have more side effects then benefits. For example, Orsnes, Sorensen, Larsen Ravnborg 2000 found that nine patients reported side effects of fatigue dizziness, nausea, bad temper, diarrhea and more frequent urination. Also the study found that the drug had also little to no effect on maintance of gait patterns. Furthermore, according to the research, destruction of myelin on the axons is thought to be due to the development of lesions in the central nervous system. Loss of myelin makes it difficult for people suffering from Multiple Sclerosis to perform control voluntary movement (gait). This is because the axon potentials that are transmitted from one neuron to another in a healthy individual are lacking the insulation of myelin, which then delays conduction. Impaired walking ability in spastic patients is probably caused by decrease voluntary force in the dorsiflexor muscles, increased passive stiffness of the ankle joint and increased threshold of the stretch reflexes along with impaired modulation of the H-reflex (Sinkjaer, Anderson Nielsen 1996) It is clear that further research must be conducted in order to find a cure or a form of inhabiting the onset of MS. Discovery of a medication that treats all symptoms and slows the progression of the disease internally to improve movement function would be ideal. For many sufferers of MS, the disease goes into remission frequently. With a drug that treats the disease as a whole would allow patients to be able to live symptom free live as well maintain there normal gait pattern.